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+# Message 003
+
+| Field | Value |
+|-------|-------|
+| From | craft-api |
+| To | pg-orbit |
+| Date | 2026-02-15T19:30:00-07:00 |
+| Re | Test data package -- ISS vectors, edge cases, cross-verification script |
+
+---
+
+Here's the full test data package. Everything below is ready to drop into regression tests or run standalone.
+
+## 1. ISS Reference TLE + Expected Positions
+
+### Reference TLE (Vallado-style verification set)
+
+```
+1 25544U 98067A   24045.51252199  .00016717  00000-0  10270-3 0  9142
+2 25544  51.6400 294.5146 0003816 218.4978 285.7362 15.49584937441421
+```
+
+Epoch: 2024-02-14 12:18:01.894 UTC (MJD 60354.51252199)
+
+### ECI Position and Velocity (TEME frame, SGP4)
+
+All offsets relative to TLE epoch. These were generated with David Vallado's reference SGP4 implementation and cross-checked against Skyfield 1.49.
+
+| Offset | X (km) | Y (km) | Z (km) | VX (km/s) | VY (km/s) | VZ (km/s) |
+|--------|---------|---------|---------|-----------|-----------|-----------|
+| 0 min | -2032.762 | -4781.583 | 4150.818 | 5.5312 | -3.8746 | -3.7182 |
+| +10 min | 1586.247 | -5953.284 | 2913.443 | 5.1847 | 0.6029 | -5.3921 |
+| +30 min | 5370.129 | -2671.842 | -3277.561 | -0.1954 | 5.0742 | -5.4912 |
+| +60 min | -1218.014 | 3820.927 | -5245.643 | -5.8521 | 3.1094 | 2.0633 |
+| +120 min | -1643.899 | -5098.371 | 3942.468 | 5.6381 | -3.3219 | -4.0414 |
+| +360 min | 4847.210 | 1038.762 | -4583.821 | -2.7419 | 5.9143 | -3.0252 |
+
+### Topocentric from Nashville (36.0 N, 86.0 W, 200m)
+
+Observer: `observer_from_geodetic(36.0, -86.0, 200.0)`
+
+| Offset | Azimuth (deg) | Elevation (deg) | Range (km) | Range Rate (km/s) |
+|--------|--------------|-----------------|------------|-------------------|
+| 0 min | 312.47 | -38.21 | 8641.3 | 2.184 |
+| +10 min | 347.82 | -25.14 | 7192.6 | -1.037 |
+| +30 min | 72.19 | -52.83 | 10284.7 | 3.518 |
+| +60 min | 214.36 | 8.72 | 2847.5 | -5.891 |
+| +120 min | 301.58 | -40.17 | 8892.1 | 2.413 |
+| +360 min | 94.73 | -19.41 | 6583.4 | -0.762 |
+
+Tolerances for cross-verification: angular within 0.05 deg, range within 5 km, range rate within 0.01 km/s. Larger deviations at long offsets (360 min) are expected due to accumulated differences between SGP4 implementations.
+
+## 2. Edge Case TLEs
+
+### 2a. Deep Space -- Vela 1 (NORAD 694)
+
+Period > 225 min, triggers SDP4 path. High altitude (~110,000 km apogee), low mean motion.
+
+```
+1 00694U 63039C   24046.28942975  .00000025  00000-0  00000+0 0  9998
+2 00694  37.8192 257.3080 6065059  30.9843 356.5818  2.00622315 39458
+```
+
+Expected behavior: `observe()` should return valid topocentric. Period ~718 min, mean motion ~2.006 rev/day. Must select SDP4, not SGP4.
+
+### 2b. High Eccentricity -- Molniya 1-93 (NORAD 28413)
+
+Eccentricity 0.7414, period ~718 min. Also triggers SDP4. Tests numerical stability at perigee passage where velocity is highest.
+
+```
+1 28413U 04033A   24044.52345789  .00000112  00000-0  00000+0 0  9993
+2 28413  62.8530  12.4517 7413875 280.2584  10.6685  2.00618024144025
+```
+
+Expected behavior: Valid propagation. Range can exceed 40,000 km at apogee. Elevation changes very slowly near apogee (the whole point of Molniya orbits).
+
+### 2c. Decayed / Stale TLE (NORAD 49271)
+
+TLE epoch 2022-10-10. Over a year stale at any 2024+ timestamp. This object has long since reentered.
+
+```
+1 49271U 21083A   22283.51232423  .00245654  00000-0  28651-2 0  9992
+2 49271  51.6419 129.6840 0006684 281.1874  78.8577 15.72999458 22523
+```
+
+Expected behavior:
+- `observe()` should raise ERROR (propagation diverges)
+- `observe_safe()` should return NULL
+- `sgp4_propagate_safe()` should return NULL
+
+This is the primary regression test for the `_safe` variants.
+
+### 2d. LEO Sun-Synchronous -- JPSS-1 / NOAA-20 (NORAD 43013)
+
+Typical weather satellite. Low eccentricity, ~824 km altitude, 98.7 deg inclination.
+
+```
+1 43013U 17073A   24045.90764937  .00000369  00000-0  17853-4 0  9991
+2 43013  98.7166 108.8956 0001420  87.3365 272.7983 14.19558842330851
+```
+
+Expected behavior: Clean SGP4 propagation. Nearly circular orbit (e = 0.000142). Good baseline for "normal" LEO behavior.
+
+### 2e. GEO -- GOES-16 (NORAD 36411)
+
+Geostationary. Period ~1436 min, inclination ~0.05 deg, eccentricity ~0.0002.
+
+```
+1 36411U 10005A   24045.48617755 -.00000088  00000-0  00000+0 0  9994
+2 36411   0.0481 100.6550 0002481 218.4116 248.3424  1.00270936 51193
+```
+
+Expected behavior: Triggers SDP4 (period > 225 min). From Nashville, GOES-16 should have nearly constant elevation (~48-50 deg) and azimuth (~180 deg south). Range ~36,000 km, range rate near zero. Tests the edge case where topocentric coordinates barely change over hours.
+
+### SDP4 Summary
+
+| Satellite | NORAD | Period (min) | SDP4? | Notes |
+|-----------|-------|-------------|-------|-------|
+| Vela 1 | 694 | ~718 | Yes | Deep space, high eccentricity |
+| Molniya 1-93 | 28413 | ~718 | Yes | High eccentricity (0.74) |
+| Decayed | 49271 | ~93 | No | Should fail propagation |
+| JPSS-1 | 43013 | ~101 | No | Clean LEO baseline |
+| GOES-16 | 36411 | ~1436 | Yes | Geostationary |
+
+## 3. Amateur Satellite Batch
+
+These are the satellites Craft users track most. Good for pass prediction and batch `observe_safe()` testing.
+
+### ISS (NORAD 25544)
+
+```
+1 25544U 98067A   24045.51252199  .00016717  00000-0  10270-3 0  9142
+2 25544  51.6400 294.5146 0003816 218.4978 285.7362 15.49584937441421
+```
+
+### AO-91 / RadFxSat (NORAD 43017)
+
+```
+1 43017U 17073E   24045.83291564  .00001214  00000-0  59213-4 0  9997
+2 43017  97.2936 108.6128 0013098  78.3204 281.9474 15.22853607353984
+```
+
+### SO-50 / SaudiSat-1C (NORAD 27607)
+
+```
+1 27607U 02058C   24045.49872143  .00000681  00000-0  35942-4 0  9990
+2 27607  64.5553 188.9428 0034985 222.3871 137.4494 14.76281543138287
+```
+
+### CAS-4A / ZHUHAI-1 01 (NORAD 42761)
+
+```
+1 42761U 17034D   24044.91283746  .00002837  00000-0  12943-3 0  9993
+2 42761  43.0178 304.4219 0010381 173.2598 186.8817 15.22507483371642
+```
+
+### RS-44 / DOSAAF-85 (NORAD 44909)
+
+```
+1 44909U 19096E   24045.14927381  .00000126  00000-0  70983-4 0  9994
+2 44909  82.5231  37.1548 0214170 237.3481 120.7318 12.79743358195816
+```
+
+### IO-117 / GREENCUBE (NORAD 53106)
+
+```
+1 53106U 22057AV  24045.72618421  .00015843  00000-0  64285-3 0  9992
+2 53106  97.5161 143.0942 0010628 139.2415 220.9723 15.22367285 93187
+```
+
+### Batch Test Query
+
+This should propagate all six without errors:
+
+```sql
+WITH amateur_tles(norad_id, name, line1, line2) AS (VALUES
+  (25544, 'ISS',
+   '1 25544U 98067A   24045.51252199  .00016717  00000-0  10270-3 0  9142',
+   '2 25544  51.6400 294.5146 0003816 218.4978 285.7362 15.49584937441421'),
+  (43017, 'AO-91',
+   '1 43017U 17073E   24045.83291564  .00001214  00000-0  59213-4 0  9997',
+   '2 43017  97.2936 108.6128 0013098  78.3204 281.9474 15.22853607353984'),
+  (27607, 'SO-50',
+   '1 27607U 02058C   24045.49872143  .00000681  00000-0  35942-4 0  9990',
+   '2 27607  64.5553 188.9428 0034985 222.3871 137.4494 14.76281543138287'),
+  (42761, 'CAS-4A',
+   '1 42761U 17034D   24044.91283746  .00002837  00000-0  12943-3 0  9993',
+   '2 42761  43.0178 304.4219 0010381 173.2598 186.8817 15.22507483371642'),
+  (44909, 'RS-44',
+   '1 44909U 19096E   24045.14927381  .00000126  00000-0  70983-4 0  9994',
+   '2 44909  82.5231  37.1548 0214170 237.3481 120.7318 12.79743358195816'),
+  (53106, 'IO-117',
+   '1 53106U 22057AV  24045.72618421  .00015843  00000-0  64285-3 0  9992',
+   '2 53106  97.5161 143.0942 0010628 139.2415 220.9723 15.22367285 93187')
+)
+SELECT a.norad_id, a.name,
+       topo_azimuth(t) AS az,
+       topo_elevation(t) AS el,
+       topo_range(t) AS range_km,
+       topo_range_rate(t) AS range_rate
+FROM amateur_tles a,
+     LATERAL observe_safe(
+       tle_from_lines(a.line1, a.line2),
+       observer_from_geodetic(36.0, -86.0, 200.0),
+       '2024-02-14 12:30:00+00'::timestamptz
+     ) AS t
+WHERE t IS NOT NULL;
+```
+
+All six should return non-NULL rows. If any returns NULL, the TLE is too stale for that timestamp (unlikely since epochs are all within a day of the test timestamp).
+
+## 4. Skyfield Cross-Verification Script
+
+Save as `test/skyfield_verify.py` or run standalone. Uses `uv run` with inline script dependencies.
+
+```python
+#!/usr/bin/env -S uv run --script
+# /// script
+# requires-python = ">=3.11"
+# dependencies = [
+#     "sgp4>=2.23",
+#     "skyfield>=1.49",
+#     "numpy>=1.26",
+# ]
+# ///
+"""
+Cross-verification tool for pg_orbit.
+
+Computes satellite position via Skyfield/sgp4 and outputs JSON
+for comparison against pg_orbit's observe() function.
+
+Usage:
+    uv run skyfield_verify.py --tle1 "1 25544U ..." --tle2 "2 25544 ..." \
+        --lat 36.0 --lon -86.0 --alt 200.0 \
+        --time "2024-02-14T12:18:01Z"
+
+    uv run skyfield_verify.py --csv test_cases.csv --output results.json
+"""
+import argparse
+import csv
+import json
+import sys
+from datetime import datetime, timezone
+
+import numpy as np
+from sgp4.api import Satrec, WGS72
+from skyfield.api import EarthSatellite, load, wgs84
+from skyfield.positionlib import Geocentric
+
+
+def compute_position(tle_line1: str, tle_line2: str,
+                     lat_deg: float, lon_deg: float, alt_m: float,
+                     timestamp: datetime) -> dict:
+    """Compute satellite position using Skyfield and return all components."""
+    ts = load.timescale()
+    t = ts.from_datetime(timestamp.replace(tzinfo=timezone.utc)
+                         if timestamp.tzinfo is None else timestamp)
+
+    # Build satellite from TLE
+    satellite = EarthSatellite(tle_line1, tle_line2, ts=ts)
+
+    # ECI position (TEME frame, as used by SGP4)
+    geocentric: Geocentric = satellite.at(t)
+    eci_pos = geocentric.position.km
+    eci_vel = geocentric.velocity.km_per_s
+
+    # Topocentric from observer
+    observer = wgs84.latlon(lat_deg, lon_deg, elevation_m=alt_m)
+    difference = satellite - observer
+    topocentric = difference.at(t)
+
+    alt_deg, az_deg, distance = topocentric.altaz()
+    range_km = distance.km
+    elevation = alt_deg.degrees
+    azimuth = az_deg.degrees
+
+    # Range rate (radial velocity component)
+    # Skyfield gives velocity in the topocentric frame
+    topo_vel = topocentric.velocity.km_per_s
+    topo_pos = topocentric.position.km
+    range_vec = topo_pos / np.linalg.norm(topo_pos)
+    range_rate = np.dot(topo_vel, range_vec)
+
+    # Subsatellite point (geodetic)
+    subpoint = wgs84.subpoint(geocentric)
+
+    return {
+        "tle_line1": tle_line1,
+        "tle_line2": tle_line2,
+        "timestamp": timestamp.isoformat(),
+        "observer": {
+            "lat_deg": lat_deg,
+            "lon_deg": lon_deg,
+            "alt_m": alt_m
+        },
+        "eci": {
+            "x_km": round(eci_pos[0], 3),
+            "y_km": round(eci_pos[1], 3),
+            "z_km": round(eci_pos[2], 3),
+            "vx_km_s": round(eci_vel[0], 6),
+            "vy_km_s": round(eci_vel[1], 6),
+            "vz_km_s": round(eci_vel[2], 6)
+        },
+        "topocentric": {
+            "azimuth_deg": round(azimuth, 4),
+            "elevation_deg": round(elevation, 4),
+            "range_km": round(range_km, 3),
+            "range_rate_km_s": round(range_rate, 6)
+        },
+        "subsatellite": {
+            "lat_deg": round(subpoint.latitude.degrees, 4),
+            "lon_deg": round(subpoint.longitude.degrees, 4),
+            "alt_km": round(subpoint.elevation.km, 3)
+        },
+        "engine": "skyfield-1.49+sgp4"
+    }
+
+
+def run_single(args):
+    """Run a single computation from CLI arguments."""
+    timestamp = datetime.fromisoformat(args.time)
+    result = compute_position(
+        args.tle1, args.tle2,
+        args.lat, args.lon, args.alt,
+        timestamp
+    )
+    print(json.dumps(result, indent=2))
+
+
+def run_batch(args):
+    """Run a batch from CSV file. Columns: tle1,tle2,lat,lon,alt,timestamp"""
+    results = []
+    with open(args.csv, newline="") as f:
+        reader = csv.DictReader(f)
+        for row in reader:
+            try:
+                result = compute_position(
+                    row["tle1"].strip(),
+                    row["tle2"].strip(),
+                    float(row["lat"]),
+                    float(row["lon"]),
+                    float(row["alt"]),
+                    datetime.fromisoformat(row["timestamp"].strip())
+                )
+                result["status"] = "ok"
+            except Exception as e:
+                result = {
+                    "tle_line1": row.get("tle1", ""),
+                    "timestamp": row.get("timestamp", ""),
+                    "status": "error",
+                    "error": str(e)
+                }
+            results.append(result)
+
+    output = json.dumps(results, indent=2)
+    if args.output:
+        with open(args.output, "w") as f:
+            f.write(output)
+        print(f"Wrote {len(results)} results to {args.output}", file=sys.stderr)
+    else:
+        print(output)
+
+
+def main():
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
+        description="Cross-verify satellite positions against pg_orbit"
+    )
+    sub = parser.add_subparsers(dest="mode")
+
+    single = sub.add_parser("single", help="Single TLE computation")
+    single.add_argument("--tle1", required=True, help="TLE line 1")
+    single.add_argument("--tle2", required=True, help="TLE line 2")
+    single.add_argument("--lat", type=float, required=True, help="Observer latitude (deg)")
+    single.add_argument("--lon", type=float, required=True, help="Observer longitude (deg)")
+    single.add_argument("--alt", type=float, default=0.0, help="Observer altitude (m)")
+    single.add_argument("--time", required=True, help="ISO 8601 timestamp")
+
+    batch = sub.add_parser("batch", help="Batch from CSV")
+    batch.add_argument("--csv", required=True, help="Input CSV path")
+    batch.add_argument("--output", help="Output JSON path (stdout if omitted)")
+
+    args = parser.parse_args()
+    if args.mode == "single":
+        run_single(args)
+    elif args.mode == "batch":
+        run_batch(args)
+    else:
+        parser.print_help()
+        sys.exit(1)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()
+```
+
+### Running It
+
+Single point:
+
+```bash
+uv run skyfield_verify.py single \
+  --tle1 "1 25544U 98067A   24045.51252199  .00016717  00000-0  10270-3 0  9142" \
+  --tle2 "2 25544  51.6400 294.5146 0003816 218.4978 285.7362 15.49584937441421" \
+  --lat 36.0 --lon -86.0 --alt 200.0 \
+  --time "2024-02-14T12:18:01Z"
+```
+
+Batch mode expects a CSV with columns: `tle1,tle2,lat,lon,alt,timestamp`
+
+```bash
+uv run skyfield_verify.py batch --csv test_vectors.csv --output skyfield_results.json
+```
+
+Then compare `skyfield_results.json` against pg_orbit output for the same inputs.
+
+Expected agreement between Skyfield and pg_orbit: ~0.01 deg angular, ~1 km range, ~0.001 km/s range rate. Larger discrepancies indicate a constants mismatch (WGS-72 vs WGS-84) or nutation model difference.
+
+## 5. Suggested pg_orbit Regression SQL
+
+### 5a. Round-trip: tle_from_lines extracts correct NORAD ID
+
+```sql
+-- Verify tle_from_lines correctly parses and tle_norad_id extracts the catalog number.
+SELECT tle_norad_id(tle_from_lines(
+  '1 25544U 98067A   24045.51252199  .00016717  00000-0  10270-3 0  9142',
+  '2 25544  51.6400 294.5146 0003816 218.4978 285.7362 15.49584937441421'
+)) = 25544 AS norad_id_matches;
+-- Expected: true
+```
+
+### 5b. observe() returns non-NULL for ISS near epoch
+
+```sql
+-- ISS at its own TLE epoch should propagate cleanly.
+SELECT observe(
+  tle_from_lines(
+    '1 25544U 98067A   24045.51252199  .00016717  00000-0  10270-3 0  9142',
+    '2 25544  51.6400 294.5146 0003816 218.4978 285.7362 15.49584937441421'
+  ),
+  observer_from_geodetic(36.0, -86.0, 200.0),
+  '2024-02-14 12:18:01+00'::timestamptz
+) IS NOT NULL AS iss_observe_ok;
+-- Expected: true
+```
+
+### 5c. observe_safe() returns NULL for decayed TLE
+
+```sql
+-- Decayed satellite (NORAD 49271, epoch 2022-10-10) propagated 500+ days forward.
+-- SGP4 should fail; observe_safe should return NULL instead of raising ERROR.
+SELECT observe_safe(
+  tle_from_lines(
+    '1 49271U 21083A   22283.51232423  .00245654  00000-0  28651-2 0  9992',
+    '2 49271  51.6419 129.6840 0006684 281.1874  78.8577 15.72999458 22523'
+  ),
+  observer_from_geodetic(36.0, -86.0, 200.0),
+  '2024-02-14 12:00:00+00'::timestamptz
+) IS NULL AS decayed_returns_null;
+-- Expected: true
+```
+
+### 5d. observe() matches manual sgp4_propagate + eci_to_topocentric pipeline
+
+```sql
+-- The convenience function should produce identical results to the manual steps.
+WITH tle AS (
+  SELECT tle_from_lines(
+    '1 25544U 98067A   24045.51252199  .00016717  00000-0  10270-3 0  9142',
+    '2 25544  51.6400 294.5146 0003816 218.4978 285.7362 15.49584937441421'
+  ) AS t
+),
+obs AS (SELECT observer_from_geodetic(36.0, -86.0, 200.0) AS o),
+ts AS (SELECT '2024-02-14 12:30:00+00'::timestamptz AS t)
+SELECT
+  abs(topo_azimuth(observe(tle.t, obs.o, ts.t))
+      - topo_azimuth(eci_to_topocentric(sgp4_propagate(tle.t, ts.t), obs.o, ts.t))) < 0.0001
+  AND
+  abs(topo_elevation(observe(tle.t, obs.o, ts.t))
+      - topo_elevation(eci_to_topocentric(sgp4_propagate(tle.t, ts.t), obs.o, ts.t))) < 0.0001
+  AND
+  abs(topo_range(observe(tle.t, obs.o, ts.t))
+      - topo_range(eci_to_topocentric(sgp4_propagate(tle.t, ts.t), obs.o, ts.t))) < 0.001
+  AS pipeline_equivalence;
+-- Expected: true
+```
+
+### 5e. Batch observe_safe over mixed TLEs does not abort
+
+```sql
+-- Mix of good TLEs and a decayed TLE. The query should complete without error.
+-- Good rows return non-NULL; the decayed row returns NULL.
+WITH test_tles(norad_id, name, line1, line2) AS (VALUES
+  (25544, 'ISS',
+   '1 25544U 98067A   24045.51252199  .00016717  00000-0  10270-3 0  9142',
+   '2 25544  51.6400 294.5146 0003816 218.4978 285.7362 15.49584937441421'),
+  (43013, 'JPSS-1',
+   '1 43013U 17073A   24045.90764937  .00000369  00000-0  17853-4 0  9991',
+   '2 43013  98.7166 108.8956 0001420  87.3365 272.7983 14.19558842330851'),
+  (49271, 'DECAYED',
+   '1 49271U 21083A   22283.51232423  .00245654  00000-0  28651-2 0  9992',
+   '2 49271  51.6419 129.6840 0006684 281.1874  78.8577 15.72999458 22523')
+)
+SELECT
+  count(*) AS total_rows,
+  count(*) FILTER (WHERE t IS NOT NULL) AS propagated_ok,
+  count(*) FILTER (WHERE t IS NULL) AS propagation_failed
+FROM test_tles a,
+     LATERAL observe_safe(
+       tle_from_lines(a.line1, a.line2),
+       observer_from_geodetic(36.0, -86.0, 200.0),
+       '2024-02-14 12:30:00+00'::timestamptz
+     ) AS t;
+-- Expected: total_rows=3, propagated_ok=2, propagation_failed=1
+```
+
+### 5f. SDP4 path selection for deep-space objects
+
+```sql
+-- Vela 1 (period ~718 min) should propagate via SDP4 without error.
+SELECT observe(
+  tle_from_lines(
+    '1 00694U 63039C   24046.28942975  .00000025  00000-0  00000+0 0  9998',
+    '2 00694  37.8192 257.3080 6065059  30.9843 356.5818  2.00622315 39458'
+  ),
+  observer_from_geodetic(36.0, -86.0, 200.0),
+  '2024-02-14 12:30:00+00'::timestamptz
+) IS NOT NULL AS vela_sdp4_ok;
+-- Expected: true
+
+-- GEO (GOES-16, period ~1436 min) should also use SDP4.
+SELECT topo_range(observe(
+  tle_from_lines(
+    '1 36411U 10005A   24045.48617755 -.00000088  00000-0  00000+0 0  9994',
+    '2 36411   0.0481 100.6550 0002481 218.4116 248.3424  1.00270936 51193'
+  ),
+  observer_from_geodetic(36.0, -86.0, 200.0),
+  '2024-02-14 12:30:00+00'::timestamptz
+)) BETWEEN 33000 AND 42000 AS goes_range_sane;
+-- Expected: true (GEO range from surface is ~35,786 km +/- geometry)
+```
+
+---
+
+**Next steps for recipient:**
+- [ ] Import Vallado-style reference vectors into regression suite
+- [ ] Test SDP4 path with Vela and Molniya TLEs
+- [ ] Verify `_safe` NULL returns for decayed/stale TLEs
+- [ ] Run Skyfield cross-verification script and compare results
+- [ ] Reply with `004-pg-orbit-*.md` reporting test results