Timing is on.
       regime       |   n   | pct  
--------------------+-------+------
 LEO (<2000km)      | 13587 | 94.5
 GEO/HEO (>34000km) |   588 |  4.1
 MEO (2000-20000km) |   111 |  0.8
 GEO-transfer       |    90 |  0.6
(4 rows)

Time: 9.226 ms
--- CREATE SP-GiST INDEX ---
CREATE INDEX
Time: 18.724 ms
--- CREATE GiST INDEX ---
CREATE INDEX
Time: 44.994 ms
     indexname      |  size   
--------------------+---------
 bench_catalog_pkey | 336 kB
 bench_gist         | 2904 kB
 bench_spgist       | 2344 kB
(3 rows)

Time: 3.750 ms
--- BENCHMARK 1: 2h window, Eagle Idaho, 10 deg min_el ---
SET
Time: 0.158 ms
SET
Time: 0.020 ms
 seqscan_candidates 
--------------------
               2261
(1 row)

Time: 8.224 ms
RESET
Time: 0.102 ms
RESET
Time: 0.019 ms
SET
Time: 0.023 ms
 spgist_candidates 
-------------------
              2261
(1 row)

Time: 9.787 ms
RESET
Time: 0.142 ms
--- BENCHMARK 2: 24h window, Eagle Idaho, 10 deg min_el ---
SET
Time: 0.044 ms
SET
Time: 0.013 ms
 seqscan_candidates 
--------------------
              13562
(1 row)

Time: 4.272 ms
RESET
Time: 0.044 ms
RESET
Time: 0.015 ms
SET
Time: 0.017 ms
 spgist_candidates 
-------------------
             13562
(1 row)

Time: 6.832 ms
RESET
Time: 0.065 ms
--- BENCHMARK 3: 2h window, Equator, 10 deg min_el ---
SET
Time: 0.025 ms
SET
Time: 0.010 ms
 seqscan_candidates 
--------------------
               2073
(1 row)

Time: 5.868 ms
RESET
Time: 1.133 ms
RESET
Time: 0.083 ms
SET
Time: 0.032 ms
 spgist_candidates 
-------------------
              2073
(1 row)

Time: 7.401 ms
RESET
Time: 0.105 ms
--- BENCHMARK 4: 2h window, Eagle Idaho, 45 deg min_el ---
SET
Time: 0.034 ms
SET
Time: 0.010 ms
 seqscan_candidates 
--------------------
               1407
(1 row)

Time: 5.641 ms
RESET
Time: 0.153 ms
RESET
Time: 0.018 ms
SET
Time: 0.048 ms
 spgist_candidates 
-------------------
              1407
(1 row)

Time: 6.581 ms
RESET
Time: 0.062 ms
--- CONSISTENCY CHECK ---
SET
Time: 0.049 ms
SET
Time: 0.012 ms
SELECT 2261
Time: 7.979 ms
RESET
Time: 0.159 ms
RESET
Time: 0.024 ms
SET
Time: 0.030 ms
SELECT 2261
Time: 7.533 ms
RESET
Time: 0.487 ms
 in_seq_not_idx 
----------------
              0
(1 row)

Time: 1.214 ms
 in_idx_not_seq 
----------------
              0
(1 row)

Time: 0.864 ms
DROP TABLE
Time: 1.814 ms
--- EXPLAIN ANALYZE: SP-GiST scan ---
SET
Time: 0.064 ms
                                                               QUERY PLAN                                                               
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Aggregate  (cost=51.38..51.39 rows=1 width=8) (actual time=7.322..7.325 rows=1.00 loops=1)
   Buffers: shared hit=1075
   ->  Bitmap Heap Scan on bench_catalog  (cost=4.38..51.35 rows=14 width=0) (actual time=6.921..7.255 rows=2261.00 loops=1)
         Recheck Cond: (tle &? '("43.6977N 116.3535W 760m","2026-02-16 19:00:00-07","2026-02-16 21:00:00-07",10)'::observer_window)
         Heap Blocks: exact=187
         Buffers: shared hit=1075
         ->  Bitmap Index Scan on bench_spgist  (cost=0.00..4.38 rows=14 width=0) (actual time=6.887..6.888 rows=2261.00 loops=1)
               Index Cond: (tle &? '("43.6977N 116.3535W 760m","2026-02-16 19:00:00-07","2026-02-16 21:00:00-07",10)'::observer_window)
               Index Searches: 1
               Buffers: shared hit=888
 Planning Time: 0.143 ms
 Execution Time: 7.365 ms
(12 rows)

Time: 7.974 ms
RESET
Time: 0.084 ms
--- EXPLAIN ANALYZE: Sequential scan ---
SET
Time: 0.023 ms
SET
Time: 0.011 ms
                                                          QUERY PLAN                                                          
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Aggregate  (cost=470.74..470.75 rows=1 width=8) (actual time=6.037..6.039 rows=1.00 loops=1)
   Buffers: shared hit=291
   ->  Seq Scan on bench_catalog  (cost=0.00..470.70 rows=14 width=0) (actual time=0.016..5.952 rows=2261.00 loops=1)
         Filter: (tle &? '("43.6977N 116.3535W 760m","2026-02-16 19:00:00-07","2026-02-16 21:00:00-07",10)'::observer_window)
         Rows Removed by Filter: 12115
         Buffers: shared hit=291
 Planning Time: 0.130 ms
 Execution Time: 6.066 ms
(8 rows)

Time: 6.589 ms
RESET
Time: 0.088 ms
RESET
Time: 2.471 ms
DROP TABLE
Time: 3.314 ms
Timing is off.